Abstract Background Both microRNA-21-5p (miR-21) and the tumor microenvironment,
including hypoxia and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), play a vital role in head and …

Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors and is associated with aggressiveness and
poor patient outcomes. Exosomes, initially considered to be cellular “garbage dumpsters,” …

The invasion-metastasis cascade in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is
predominantly caused by the interaction between tumor cells and tumor microenvironment …

Background Rapid metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with a
poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying …

Background Hypoxia is the hallmark of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and plays a
critical role during the progress of tumor development. A variety of microRNAs (miRNAs) …

Abstract Objectives Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are vital constituents of the tumor
microenvironment (TME) and play a predominant role in oral squamous cell carcinoma …

Background Head and neck cancer (HNC) is one of the most common deadly diseases
worldwide. An increasing number of studies have recently focused on the malignant …

Background Exosomes have emerged as critical mediators of intercellular communication.
Hypoxia is widely recognized as a key regulator of tumor aggressiveness, and significantly …

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the most frequent reason for treatment failure in head
and neck tumors, has the greatest incidence of distant metastases. Increased vascular …

Background Exosomes are small vesicles containing a wide range of functional proteins,
mRNA and miRNA. Exosomal miRNAs from cancer cells play crucial roles in mediating cell …