Heterogeneity is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system. This is most evident in the
enormous diversity of B and T cell antigen receptors. There is also heterogeneity within …

Virus-specific CD8+ T cells that differentiate in the context of resolved versus persisting
infections exhibit divergent phenotypic and functional characteristics, which suggests that …

Many studies have examined pathways controlling effector T cell differentiation, but less is
known about the fate of individual CD8+ T cells during infection. Here, we examine the …

Viral infections often induce potent CD8 T cell responses that play a key role in antiviral
immunity. After viral clearance, the vast majority of the expanded CD8 T cells undergo …

Memory CD8 T cells are an important component of protective immunity against viral
infections, and understanding their development will aid in the design of optimal vaccines …

CD4+ T cells are critical orchestrators of immune responses against a large variety of
pathogens, including viruses. While multiple CD4+ T cell subtypes and their key …

After viral infection, naive CD8+ T cells become activated and either differentiate into effector
cells, which eliminate virus-infected cells, or convert to memory-type T cells, awaiting re …

Numerous microbes establish persistent infections, accompanied by antigen-specific CD8 T
cell activation. Pathogen-specific T cells in chronically infected hosts are often …

Emerging evidence indicates that CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell immunity is differentially regulated.
Here we have delineated differences and commonalities among antiviral T-cell responses …

Viral pathogens often induce strong effector CD4+ T cell responses that are best known for
their ability to help B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. However, recent studies have …