Introduction Estrogens used in women's healthcare have been associated with increased
risks of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and breast cancer. Estetrol (E4), an estrogen …

Estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogen with a long half‐life produced only by the human fetal liver
during pregnancy. The crystal structures of the estrogen receptor α (ER α) ligand‐binding …

Estetrol (E4) is the most recently described natural estrogen. It is produced by the human
fetal liver during pregnancy and its physiological function remains unclear. E4 is the …

Estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogen produced exclusively by the human fetal liver during
pregnancy. Its physiological activity remains unknown. In contrast to ethinyl estradiol and …

Estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogenic steroid that is normally produced by human fetal liver.
Recent research has demonstrated that it is a potent, orally bioavailable, natural selective …

Increased risk of breast cancer is a critical side effect associated with the use of a
menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). Estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogen produced by the …

In this review paper, the existing information on the human fetal steroid estetrol (E4) has
been summarized. In the past, E4 was considered as a weak estrogen and interest …

Objectives Estetrol (E 4) is a natural estrogen produced by the human fetal liver. In
combination with drospirenone (DRSP) or levonorgestrel (LNG), E 4 blocks ovulation and …

Estrogens have pleiotropic effects on many reproductive and non-reproductive tissues and
organs including the mammary gland, uterus, ovaries, vagina, and endothelium. Estrogen …

Estetrol (E4) is a fetal estrogen with estrogenic effects on reproductive organs and bone in
preclinical models and in postmenopausal women. However, E4 exerts antiestrogenic …