Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by an inflammatory
response by the lungs to inhaled substances such as cigarette smoking and air pollutants. In …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by the progressive
development of airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The clinical syndrome of COPD …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by a chronic inflammation
in the pulmonary tissue. The disease is associated with a switch from a selflimiting …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by an inappropriate/
excessive inflammatory response of the lungs to respiratory pollutants, mainly tobacco …

A smoking-induced inflammatory reaction in the airways and lung parenchyma, comprised
mainly of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages, has long been accepted to be the major …

Background: Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at
increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and muscle wasting. Systemic …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is mostly caused by cigarette smoking and
affects up to 25% of smokers. Air pollution and occupational exposure to dust and fumes can …

Abstract Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is and will remain a major cause
of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The severity of airflow obstruction is known to relate to …

Background Elevated circulating levels of several inflammatory biomarkers have been
described in selected patient populations with COPD, although less is known about their …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been increasingly recognised as a
systemic disease. The hormonal, metabolic and musculoskeletal implications of the …