Modern optogenetics can be tuned to evoke activity that corresponds to naturally occurring
local or global activity in timing, magnitude or individual-cell patterning. This outcome has …

Both observational and perturbational technologies are essential for advancing the
understanding of brain function and dysfunction. But while observational techniques have …

Understanding how different kinds of neuron in the brain work together to implement
sensations, feelings, thoughts, and movements, and how deficits in specific kinds of neuron …

Elucidation of the neural substrates underlying complex animal behaviors depends on
precise activity control tools, as well as compatible readout methods. Recent developments …

The recent development of light-activated optogenetic probes allows for the identification
and manipulation of specific neural populations and their connections in awake animals with …

Over the past 10 years, the development and convergence of microbial opsin engineering,
modular genetic methods for cell-type targeting and optical strategies for guiding light …

Highlights•State-of the art approaches to implement optogenetics in mammals.•Application
principles of optogenetic strategies in freely moving animals.•All-optical approaches …

Optogenetics combines optical and genetic methods to rapidly and reversibly control neural
activities or other cellular functions. Using genetic methods, specific cells or anatomical …

Over the last 10 years, optogenetics has become widespread in neuroscience for the study
of how specific cell types contribute to brain functions and brain disorder states. The full …

Fundamental questions that neuroscientists have previously approached with classical
biochemical and electrophysiological techniques can now be addressed using …