Background Experiencing traumatic childhood is a risk factor for developing substance use
disorder, but the mechanisms that underlie this relationship have not been determined …

The human body is a complex assembly of physiological systems designed to manage the
multidirectional transport of both information and nutrients. An intricate interplay between the …

Cocaine use disorders are strongly influenced by the social conditions prior, during, and
after exposure to cocaine. In this chapter, we discuss how social factors such as early life …

Using the social defeat (SD) model, numerous studies have shown that stressed mice
display an enhanced response to the motivational effects of cocaine in the self …

Cocaine addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by persistent perturbations
to an organism's homeostatic processes that result in maladaptive drug seeking. Although …

Background: Drug addiction is a complex brain disorder that is characterized by craving,
withdrawal, and relapse, which can be perpetuated by social stress. Stemming from an …

Objectives Cocaine dependence is a chronic stress state. Furthermore, both stress and
substance abuse have robust and reciprocal effects on immune system cytokines, which are …

Stress and stress-induced glucocorticoids (GCs) sensitize drug abuse behavior as well as
the neuroinflammatory response to a subsequent pro-inflammatory challenge. Stress also …

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly comorbid with HIV infection, necessitating an
understanding of the interactive effects of drug exposure and HIV. The relationship between …

The initial reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, are largely attributed to
their ability to activate the mesolimbic dopamine system. Resulting increases in extracellular …