Preferences for different combinations of costs and benefits are a key source of variability in
economic decision-making. However, the neurochemical basis of individual differences in …

Decision-making involves weighing costs against benefits, for instance, in terms of the effort
it takes to obtain a reward of a given magnitude. This evaluation process has been linked to …

In everyday life, we have to decide whether it is worth exerting effort to obtain rewards. Effort
can be experienced in different domains, with some tasks requiring significant cognitive …

Animal studies suggest the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) plays an important role in
decision-making. In rats, DA depletion decreases tolerance for effort and probability costs …

Operant behavior is not only regulated by factors related to the quality or quantity of
reinforcement, but also by the work requirements inherent in performing instrumental …

Rationale Throughout our lives we constantly assess the costs and benefits of the possible
future outcomes of our actions and use this information to guide behavior. There is …

Research on the neural basis that underlies decision making in humans has revealed that
these processes are mediated by distributed neural networks that incorporate different …

Decision-making policies are subject to modulation by changing motivational states.
However, so far, little is known about the neurochemical mechanisms that bridge …

Decision making refers to the process by which subjects choose between competing
courses of action based on the expected costs and benefits of their consequences. Lesion …

Integrating costs and benefits is crucial for optimal decision-making. Although much is
known about decisions that involve outcome-related costs (eg, delay, risk), many of our …