Resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) has been observed in a
considerable proportion of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is reportedly …

Background: Resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) has been observed in
patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is associated with clinical outcomes. The …

The common causes of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are cardiovascular
events and infectious disease. These patients are also predisposed to the development of …

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is characterized by a high mortality rate, which is mainly
caused by cardiovascular disease. In patients with ESRD, high levels of pro-inflammatory …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a loss of kidney function and
dysregulation of vitamin D metabolism. Well known are the defects in final activation of …

Several studies indicate a relationship between hypovitaminosis D, survival, vascular
calcification and inflammation. In addition to its central role in the regulation of bone mineral …

Background: Although erythropoietin (EPO)-hyporesponsive anemia in hemodialysis
patients most commonly results from iron deficiency, the contributory role of chronic …

Background. Chronic kidney disease patients who are resistant to erythropoietin (EPO)
treatment may suffer from malnutrition and/or inflammation. Methods. In a cross-sectional …

Cardiovascular and infectious diseases remain the most common causes of death among
patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Basic …

We defined erythropoietin (EPO) resistance by the ratio of the weekly EPO dose to
hematocrit (Hct), yielding a continuously distributed variable (EPO/Hct). EPO resistance is …