Cytokine storm generates during various systemic acute infections, including sepsis and
current pandemic called COVID-19 (severe) causing devastating inflammatory conditions …

Despite a decrease in mortality over the last decade, sepsis remains the tenth leading
causes of death in western countries and one of the most common cause of death in …

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition molecules with unique
functions in the innate and the acquired immune systems. The innate immune response has …

The pathogenesis of sepsis involves complex interaction between the host and the infecting
microorganism. Bacterial recognition and signaling are essential functions of the cells of …

The outcome of sepsis and septic shock has not significantly improved in recent decades
despite the development of numerous drugs and supportive care therapies. To reduce …

Cytokine‐driven inflammation and tissue destruction is a common theme of chronic
inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form a family of pattern recognition receptors with at least 11
members in human and 13 in mouse. TLRs recognize a wide variety of putative host-derived …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors playing a fundamental role in
sensing microbial invasion and initiating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are …

Sepsis remains a serious clinical problem because of high patient morbidity and mortality.
Despite significant advances in critical care, there is still no efficient causal therapy …

Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet
understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll …