Background Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) results in huge healthcare costs and
poor patient clinical outcomes. Most studies have adopted a “candidate mechanism” …

Approximately one third of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not respond
to antidepressant treatments; but what does treatment-resistant depression (TRD) mean …

Introduction Many patients fail to respond to multiple antidepressant interventions, being
defined as “treatment-resistant depression”(TRD) patients. TRD is usually associated with …

Highlights•Patients differing in causal mechanisms of depression require specific
treatments.•Promising biomarkers for antidepressant response are highlighted and …

The search for potential biomarkers of psychiatric disorders is a central topic in biological
psychiatry. This review concerns published studies on potential biomarkers of treatment …

Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening forms of mental
illnesses and a major cause of morbidity worldwide. Currently available antidepressants are …

Rationale A substantial number of patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD)
do not respond to multiple trials of anti-depressants, develop a chronic course of disease …

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder worldwide. It
causes individual suffering, loss of productivity, increased health care costs and high suicide …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous illness for which there are currently no
effective methods to objectively assess severity, endophenotypes, or response to treatment …

Aims Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent global mental illness with diverse
underlying causes. Despite the availability of first-line antidepressants, approximately 10 …