Opioids are mainly used to treat both acute and chronic pain. Several opioids are
metabolized to some extent by CYP2D6 (codeine, tramadol, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and …

Abstract The current Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) guideline, describes
the gene–drug interaction between CYP2D6 and the opioids codeine, tramadol and …

Translating pharmacogenetics to clinical practice has been particularly challenging in the
context of pain, due to the complexity of this multifaceted phenotype and the overall …

Opioid analgesics are the standards of care for the treatment of moderate to severe
nociceptive pain, particularly in the setting of cancer and surgery. Their analgesic properties …

Purpose CYP2D6 bioactivates codeine and tramadol, with intermediate and poor
metabolizers (IMs and PMs) expected to have impaired analgesia. This pragmatic proof-of …

Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome
P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine are governed by CYP2D6 …

Aim A finite number of variants in the OPRM1, COMT, MC1R, ABCB1 and CYP2D6 genes
has been identified to significantly modulate the effects of opioids in controlled homogenous …

Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome
P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine as an analgesic are …

Background and purpose: The major drug‐metabolizing enzymes for the oxidation of
oxycodone are CYP2D6 and CYP3A. A high interindividual variability in the activity of these …

In most cancer patients, pain is successfully treated with pharmacological measures using
opioid analgesics for moderate to severe pain (strong opioids) alone or in combination with …