In the USA, public schools are legally mandated to provide free and appropriate special
education services for students, ages 3–21, who are diagnosed with one or more of 13 …

Across the country, there are a growing number of students with and without disabilities who
are being suspended or expelled from their regularly assigned or zoned schools. There are …

The school-to-prison pipeline is a term used to describe the pathway traveled by students
from public schools to incarceration in secure juvenile detention and correctional programs …

Several research articles have documented the disproportionate representation of minorities
in school discipline and incarceration settings. In the 2009–2010 school year, research …

Disabilities Education Act reveal that African American students are placed in special
education programs at rates up to 2.8 times higher than all other cultural groups combined …

Large disparities exist in the dropout and incarceration rates of different races, genders, and
disabilities. These two phenomena, commonly referred to as the Achievement Gap and …

Although part of the US Declaration of Independence, the above statement also holds
significance when discussing the purpose of special education and the overrepresentation …

The education of African American students and the education of children with disabilities
have been historically exclusionary. Students with disabilities were not permitted to attend …

The overrepresentation of working-class African American, Latino/Latina, and Native
American students in special education has been well documented (Johnson, 1991; Losen …

As the “land of opportunity” and arguably the greatest country in the world, the United States
continues to change—culturally, racially, and linguistically. Reports abound regarding the …