The adaptive immune system is important for control of most viral infections. The three
fundamental components of the adaptive immune system are B cells (the source of …

The factors responsible for the spectrum of coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) disease severity and
the genesis and nature of protective immunity against COVID-19 remain elusive. Multiple …

Recent reports that antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are not maintained in the serum following
recovery from the virus have caused alarm. However, the absence of specific antibodies in …

A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses the roles of T
cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces …

During the COVID-19 pandemic, much of the media focus has been on adaptive immunity,
particularly antibody levels and memory T cells. However, immunologists have been striving …

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical field has been forced to apply the
basic knowledge of immunology with the most up-to-date SARS-CoV-2 findings and …

Exceptional efforts have been undertaken to shed light into the biology of adaptive immune
responses to SARS-CoV-2. T cells occupy a central role in adaptive immunity to mediate …

The rapid development of multiple vaccines providing strong protection from severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been a major achievement …

Immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is
central to long-term control of the current pandemic. Despite our rapidly advancing …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces a severe acute
respiratory syndrome that is called COVID-19. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 include …