Plants possess large arsenals of immune receptors capable of recognizing all pathogen
classes. To cause disease, pathogenic organisms must be able to overcome physical …

Adaptation to specialized environments allows microorganisms to inhabit an enormous
variety of ecological niches. Growth inside plant tissues is a niche offering a constant …

Phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes invade and colonize their host plants
through distinct routes. These pathogens secrete diverse groups of effector proteins that aid …

Plant-associated organisms secrete proteins and other molecules to modulate plant defense
circuitry and enable colonization of plant tissue. Understanding the molecular function of …

Phytopathogens translocate effector proteins into plant cells where they sabotage the host
cellular machinery to promote infection. An individual pathogen can translocate numerous …

Highlights•Studies of effectors reveal key components and their function in plant
immunity.•Pathogen effectors reopen the stomata for successful penetration.•Pathogens …

Plants have developed a complex defense system against diverse pests and pathogens.
Once pathogens overcome mechanical barriers to infection, plant receptors initiate signaling …

To suppress plant defense responses and favor the establishment of disease,
phytopathogenic bacteria have gained the ability to deliver effector molecules inside host …

Plants are members of complex communities and interact both with antagonists and
beneficial organisms. An important question in plant defense-signaling research is how …

Phytopathogenic bacteria inject an array of effector proteins into host cells to alter host
physiology and assist the infection process. Some of these effectors can also trigger disease …