The NO/ONOO-cycle is a primarily local, biochemical vicious cycle mechanism, centered on
elevated peroxynitrite and oxidative stress, but also involving 10 additional elements: NF-κB …

Adaptation of the heart to intrinsic and external stress involves complex modifications at the
molecular and cellular levels that lead to tissue remodeling, functional and metabolic …

Heart failure is the major cause of hospitalization, morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Previous experimental and clinical studies have suggested that there is an increased …

The balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide, the cell redox state, appears
to be important in the mechanisms of heart failure. This balance has significant impact on …

Shah Parsing the Role of Noxs in Heart Failure 603 components of the cardiac-remodeling
phenotype, including angiotensin II–induced hypertrophy (via ERK1/2, Akt, and NF-κB …

There is growing evidence that the altered production and/or spatiotemporal distribution of
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species creates oxidative and/or nitrosative stresses in the …

Increases in oxidative stress in the heart play an important role in mediating hypertrophy,
apoptosis, fibrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the consequent development of heart …

Nitric oxide (NO) is generated by NO synthases (NOSs) that convert L-arginine to L-citrulline
in the presence of molecular oxygen, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate …

For more than 10 years heart failure was regarded as a com-plex cascade of chronic
inflammatory reactions that cause gradual cardiac depression and the syndrome of heart …

Chronic heart failure is associated with pathophysiologic alterations in myocardial and
vascular function. Accompanying these changes are increased oxidative stress and …