BACKGROUND Estrogens regulate disparate female physiological processes, thus
ensuring reproduction. Altered estrogen levels and signaling have been associated with …

Preeclampsia (PE) results in placental dysfunction and is one of the primary causes of
maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. During pregnancy, estrogen is produced primarily …

BACKGROUND Understanding the physiology of pregnancy enables effective management
of pregnancy complications that could otherwise be life threatening for both mother and …

To date, research into the biological processes and molecular mechanisms associated with
endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation has been a focus of attention, whereas the …

During pregnancy, several tightly coordinated and regulated processes take place to enable
proper fetal development and gestational success. The formation and development of the …

Estrogen and progesterone play pivotal roles in the regulation of pregnancy and parturition.
These steroids cause dramatic changes the maternal physiology which advantage the …

Normal pregnancy is associated with dramatic increases in uterine blood flow to facilitate the
bidirectional maternal–fetal exchanges of respiratory gases and to provide sole nutrient …

Background Throughout the course of pregnancy, small maternal spiral arteries that are in
contact with fetal tissue undergo structural remodeling, lose smooth muscle cells, and …

Abstract 17β-estradiol, acting through estrogen receptors α and β, plays a fundamental role
in the regulation of Fallopian tube cell homeostasis and in the modulation of normal tubal …

Adequate blood supply to the uterine-placental region is crucial to ensure the transport of
oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus. Multiple factors intervene to achieve appropriate …