Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease characterised by persistent
airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is currently the fourth leading cause of death …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular diseases often coexist.
The mechanistic links between these two diseases are complex, multifactorial and not …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and atherosclerosis are chronic irreversible
diseases, that share a number of common causative factors including cigarette smoking …

Increasing evidence indicates that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a
complex disease involving more than airflow obstruction. Airflow obstruction has profound …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in COPD.
There is a high prevalence of traditional risk factors in this patient group including smoking …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease of the lung
associated with progressive airflow limitation and punctuated by episodes of acute …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been defined as a preventable and
treatable disease characterised by progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading global causes of
morbidity and mortality. A hallmark of COPD is progressive airflow obstruction primarily …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality
worldwide and encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It has been shown that …

The emerging recognition that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex
disorder, characterized not only by local pulmonary inflammation, but also by systemic …