The prefrontal cortex plays a critical role in regulating substance use disorder and is strongly
implicated in inhibition of and relapse to drug-seeking. Within the prefrontal cortex, inhibitory …

The hypothalamus is a neural structure critical for expression of motivated behaviours that
ensure survival of the individual and the species. It is a heterogeneous structure, generally …

The hypothalamus is now known to regulate alcohol intake in addition to its established role
in food intake, in part through neuromodulatory neurochemicals termed neuropeptides …

Drugs of abuse all share common properties classically observed in human beings and
laboratory animals. They enhance neural firing and dopamine tone within the nucleus …

Effective pharmacotherapeutic treatment options for psychostimulant addiction are lacking,
in part due to an incomplete understanding of the complex neural circuitry involved in …

Neuropeptides are short sequences of amino acids that are coexpressed with
neurotransmitters and which are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system …

Opinion Statement Hormones and neuropeptides represent biological correlates of internal
homeostatic signals detected and integrated in the hypothalamus, which establishes a …

Key points• Drugs of addiction are well‐established in their capacity to alter brain reward
pathways.• The perifornical/lateral hypothalamus has previously been shown to be drug …

Cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated-transcript peptides play a role in the modulation of
feeding and psychomotor stimulant-like behaviors. The ventral tegmental area and the …

Intercellular signaling peptides (SPs) coordinate the activity of cells and influence organism
behavior. SPs, a chemically and structurally diverse group of compounds responsible for …