Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide–LPS) as one of the most potent inducers of the
immune system is recognized by a complex cascade of extracellular “pattern recognition …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative
bacteria. Minute amounts of LPS released from infecting pathogens can initiate potent innate …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate recognition molecules for microbial products, but their
direct interactions with corresponding ligands remain unclarified. LPS, a membrane …

With the recent discovery and cloning of the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), the
“adapter-molecule” for LPS-binding to the cell surface receptor CD14 was found. The ligand …

The innate immune system initiates host defence against invasive microbial pathogens
using specific recognition mechanisms. Here we review the current concepts and the …

Innate immunity initiates protection of the host organism against invasion and subsequent
multiplication of microbes by specific recognition. Germ line-encoded receptors have been …

TLR4 and RP105 are unique members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family molecules. They
are associated with small molecules called MD-2 and MD-1, respectively, to form …

LPS, a principal membrane component in Gram-negative bacteria, is recognized by a
receptor complex consisting of TLR4 and MD-2. MD-2 is an extracellular molecule that is …

LPS binding protein (LBP) is an acute-phase protein synthesized predominantly in the liver
of the mammalian host. It was first described to bind LPS of Gram-negative bacteria and …

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the major outer surface membrane components
present in almost all Gram-negative bacteria and act as extremely strong stimulators of …