Plants are resistant to most microbial species due to nonhost resistance (NHR), providing
broad-spectrum and durable immunity. However, the molecular components contributing to …

Cytoplasmic effectors with an Arg-any amino acid-Arg-Leu (RxLR) motif are encoded by
hundreds of genes within the genomes of oomycete Phytophthora spp. and downy mildew …

While conceptual principles governing plant immunity are becoming clear, its systems-level
organization and the evolutionary dynamic of the host-pathogen interface are still obscure …

Plant pathogens colonize their host through the secretion of effector proteins that modulate
plant metabolism and immune responses to their benefit. Plants evolve towards effector …

Effector proteins of plant pathogens are key virulence determinants which can be secreted in
the apoplast or translocated inside plant cells where they subvert host immunity and …

Plant–pathogen interactions are controlled by a multilayered immune system, which is
activated by pathogen recognition in the host. Pathogens secrete effector molecules to …

Pathogens modulate plant cell structure and function by secreting effectors into host tissues.
Effectors typically function by associating with host molecules and modulating their activities …

Phytophthora species secrete several classes of effector proteins during interaction with
their hosts. These proteins can have multiple functions including modulation of host …

Plant pathogens deliver effectors to alter host processes. Knowledge of how effectors target
and manipulate host proteins is critical to understand crop disease. Here, we show that in …

Plant pathogens deliver effectors to manipulate host processes. We know little about how
fungal and oomycete effectors target host proteins to promote susceptibility, yet such …