Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is involved in neuroinflammatory processes–both in
peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Pro-inflammatory cytokines production …

Background: Insulin resistance is an important pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease
(PD). Proinflammatory cytokines during neuroinflammation decrease insulin sensitivity by …

Neuroinflammation and autoimmune mechanisms have a key part in the pathogenesis of
Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, we evaluated the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as a …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, disabling neurodegenerative disorder. It has
been shown Toll like receptor (TLR) 4-deficient mice protect against MPTP toxicity …

Background & Purpose Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling induces tissue pro-inflammatory
cytokine release and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We examined the role of TLR4 in …

Abstract Because Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are emerging as potential targets for anti-
inflammatory intervention in neurodegenerative diseases, the aim of this study was to …

Neuroinflammation is known as a key player in a variety of neurodegenerative and/or
neurological diseases. Brain Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are leading elements in the initiation …

Inflammation is likely a key contributor to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), a
progressively debilitating neurodegenerative disease that is accompanied by a pathological …

Abstract Objectives: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in several immune cells
including blood monocytes and resident macrophages, such as microglia in the central …

Systemic infections are often associated with neurodegenerative processes in many
diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including Parkinson's disease. Toll-like …