Synaptic plasticity such as Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a key mechanism for learning in
central synapses including the cortex. There are two least two major forms of LTPs …

Adult brain structures such as the hippocampus are highly plastic to learning and gaining
new experiences. Recent studies reveal that cortical areas that respond to sensory noxious …

Investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity is the major focus of
many neuroscientists. There are two major reasons for searching new genes and molecules …

Neuropathic pain is caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system.
Investigations have mainly focused on the spinal mechanisms of neuropathic pain, and less …

Chronic pain is a major medical problem that is resistant to conventional medical
intervention. It also causes emotional changes such as anxiety and fear. Furthermore …

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a cellular model for learning and memory and believed to be
critical for plastic changes in the brain. Depending on the central nervous system region …

Recent studies using different experimental approaches demonstrate that silent synapses
may exist in the adult cortex including the sensory cortex and anterior cingulate cortex …

Cumulative animal and human studies have consistently demonstrated that two major
cortical regions in the brain, namely the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insular cortex …

Calcium signaling is critical for synaptic transmission and plasticity. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid
(NMDA) receptors play a key role in synaptic potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex …

Cumulative evidence indicates that cortical synapses not only play important roles in pain
perception and related emotional functions but also undergo long-term potentiation (LTP) …