COVID-19 is characterized by hyperactivation by inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of
macrophages, neutrophils, and other immune cells, all hallmarks of a strong inflammatory …

Blood clot formation induced by dysfunctional coagulation is a frequent complication of
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and a high-risk factor for severe illness and death …

Beneficial effects of vitamin D on COVID-19 progression have been discussed in several
studies. Vitamin D stimulates the expression of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, and …

Objective Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen
accountable for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Viral entry via binding …

SARS-CoV-2 infection begins with the association of its spike 1 (S1) protein with host
angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Targeting the interaction between S1 and ACE2 …

Host defense peptides are ancient weapons of the innate immunity. The human cathelicidin
LL-37 protects the epithelial barrier against infection and is constitutively secreted in the …

Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are indicated to play a prominent role in
mediating the immunopathogenesis of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Interleukin (IL …

Since the identification and cloning of interleukin (IL)-38 in 2001, a plethora of studies have
focused on its essential roles as a novel IL-1 family cytokine in both innate and acquired …

The human cathelicidin LL-37 has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. It also participates
at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity by chemoattracting immune effector cells …

Abstract Background& Aims The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a
global epidemic and has caused a lasting and huge loss of life security, economic …