Animal testing has long been used in science to study complex biological phenomena that
cannot be investigated using two-dimensional cell cultures in plastic dishes. With time, it …

Research in mammalian cell biology often relies on developing in vitro models to enable the
growth of cells in the laboratory to investigate a specific biological mechanism or process …

The culturing of cells in the laboratory under controlled conditions has always been crucial
for the advancement of scientific research. Cell-based assays have played an important role …

Recently, research is undergoing a drastic change in the application of the animal model as
a unique investigation strategy, considering an alternative approach for the development of …

The limitations of traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures and animal testing, when it
comes to precisely foreseeing the toxicity and clinical effectiveness of potential drug …

Three-dimensional (3D) tissue modeling is an emerging field of investigation for disease
mechanisms, drug testing, and therapeutic effects for human survival. Various methods have …

In the tissue engineering (TE) paradigm, engineering and life sciences tools are combined
to develop bioartificial substitutes for organs and tissues, which can in turn be applied in …

ABSTRACT Leveraging three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting in the fields of tissue
engineering and regenerative medicine has rapidly accelerated progress toward the …

A wide variety of experimental models including 2D cell cultures, model organisms, and 3D
in vitro models have been developed to understand pathophysiological phenomena and …

Research in cell biology greatly relies on cell-based in vitro assays and models that facilitate
the investigation and understanding of specific biological events and processes under …