Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Global environmental change (including climate change, biodiversity loss, changes in
hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and intensive exploitation of natural resources) is …

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2° C compared to pre-
industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and …

Human activities are releasing gigatonnes of carbon to the Earth's atmosphere annually.
Direct consequences of cumulative post-industrial emissions include increasing global …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

Marine ecosystems are centrally important to the biology of the planet, yet a comprehensive
understanding of how anthropogenic climate change is affecting them has been poorly …

The ocean has been shielding the earth from the worst effects of rapid climate change by
absorbing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This absorption of CO 2 is driving …

Although it has far-reaching consequences for humanity, attention to climate change impacts
on the ocean lags behind concern for impacts on the atmosphere and land. Understanding …

The UN declared the 2021–2030 as the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable
Development (Ocean Decade). The Ocean Decade's vision is to “develop scientific …

The Southern Ocean supports ecosystem services that are important on a global scale.
Climate change and human activities (tourism, fishing, and research) will affect both the …