Understanding the complexities of social insect immunity, that is, how insects combat
pathogens, parasites and pests, is a fundamental question that not only has broad …

Social insects have evolved both communal and individual traits that reduce the impacts of
their numerous parasites and pathogens. Among the individual traits, innate‐immune …

Honey bees are attacked by numerous parasites and pathogens toward which they present
a variety of individual and group-level defenses. In this review, we briefly introduce the many …

Animals living in large colonies are especially vulnerable to infectious pathogens and may
therefore have evolved additional defences. Eusocial insects supplement their physiological …

The keystone species concept is a useful ecological concept to explain how some species
exert a strong force on their community structure; this paper strives to expand the definition …

Honeybees, Apis mellifera, show age-related division of labor in which young adults perform
maintenance (“housekeeping”) tasks inside the colony before switching to outside foraging …

Pesticide exposure, infectious disease, and nutritional stress contribute to honey bee
mortality and a high rate of colony loss. This realization has fueled a decades-long …

In eusocial insect colonies nestmates cooperate to combat parasites, a trait called social
immunity. However, social immunity failed for Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) when the …

Across the globe, honey bee populations have been declining at an unprecedented rate.
Managed honey bees are highly social, frequent a multitude of environmental niches, and …

Background Immune response pathways have been relatively well-conserved across animal
species, with similar systems in both mammals and invertebrates. Interestingly, honey bees …