Insulin is an essential factor for mammalian organisms: a regulator of glucose metabolism
and other key signaling pathways. Insulin is also a multifunctional hormone whose absence …

Insulin is a historic molecule. It presents many first instances, such as the first protein to be
fully sequenced, one of the first proteins to be crystallized in pure form, one among the early …

Since its discovery in 1921, insulin has been at the forefront of scientific breakthroughs.
From its amino acid sequencing to the revelation of its three‐dimensional structure, the …

The life-saving discovery of insulin in Toronto in 1921 is one of the most impactful
achievements in medical history, at the time being hailed as a miracle treatment for diabetes …

The destruction of β-cells of the pancreas leads to either insulin shortage or the complete
absence of insulin, which in turn causes diabetes Mellitus. For treating diabetes, many trials …

Throughout much of the last century insulin served a central role in the advancement of
peptide chemistry, pharmacology, cell signaling and structural biology. These discoveries …

Background The discovery of insulin in 1921 and its near-immediate clinical use initiated a
century of innovation. Advances extended across a broad front, from the stabilization of …

Ever since the discovery of insulin and its role in the regulation of glucose uptake and
utilization, there has been great interest in insulin, its structure and the way in which it …

Many of the structural properties of insulin have evolved in response to the requirements of
biosynthesis, processing, transport and storage in the pancreatic beta cells, properties that …

To lower blood glucose concentration, insulin binds to insulin receptor (IR) that possesses
two distinct insulin binding sites to trigger downstream signaling events leading to an …