In the present scenario, immunization is of utmost importance as it keeps us safe and
protects us from infectious agents. Despite the great success in the field of vaccinology …

ABSTRACT Introduction The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused
devastating human and economic costs. Vaccination is an important step in controlling the …

Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is a bacterial survival factor, frequently used as a food
additive to glue processed nutrients. As a result, new immunogenic epitopes are generated …

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide which has been extensively
exploited in biomedical fields owing to its outstanding biocompatibility. Self‐assembly of HA …

Immunotherapy, particularly those based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has
become a useful approach for many neoplastic diseases. Despite the improvements of ICIs …

Intranasal vaccines, eliciting mucosal immune responses, can prevent early invasion,
replication, and transmission of pathogens in the respiratory tract. However, the effective …

The urgent task of creating new, enhanced adjuvants is closely related to our
comprehension of their mechanisms of action. A few adjuvants have shown sufficient …

The development of vaccines has always been an essential task worldwide since vaccines
are regarded as powerful weapons in protecting the global population. Although the vast …

Vaccines have proven effective in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases.
However, traditional attenuated and inactivated vaccines suffer from certain drawbacks such …

Adaptive immunity provides protection against infectious and malignant diseases. These
effects are mediated by lymphocytes that sense and respond with targeted precision to …