Increasing evidence indicates that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a
complex disease involving more than airflow obstruction. Airflow obstruction has profound …

The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based on the innate
and adaptive inflammatory immune response to the inhalation of toxic particles and gases …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. The initial stage
of CVDs is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, defined as the limited bioavailability of …

Background Very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causes cor pulmonale with
elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and secondary reductions in left ventricular filling …

Mild-to-moderate pulmonary hypertension is a common complication of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD); such a complication is associated with increased risks of …

In less than 20 years, the first selective type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, sildenafil, has
evolved from a potential anti-angina drug to an on-demand oral treatment for erectile …

elevated in patients with PAH, 13 and clearance of endothelin in the pulmonary vasculature
is reduced. 14 Endothelin acts at 2 different receptors: ETA receptors on vascular smooth …

In patients with pulmonary disease, disease severity and prognosis are determined not only
by lung function impairment (1, 2). In patients with mild, moderate, or severe disease …

Study objectives To assess the pulmonary hemodynamic characteristics in COPD
candidates for lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) or lung transplantation (LT). Design …

The mechanisms involved in the genesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
are poorly defined. This area is complicated and difficult to model because COPD consists of …