Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide. It is usually identified as a
stimulant because of a high content of caffeine. However, caffeine is not the only coffee …

The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well understood but likely to involve both
genetic and environmental factors. Incidence and prevalence estimates vary to a large …

Our understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases has advanced enormously in recent
decades. As a consequence, drug discovery has gradually shifted from an entirely …

Adenosine receptors are major targets of caffeine, the most commonly consumed drug in the
world. There is growing evidence that they could also be promising therapeutic targets in a …

Objective: Epidemiologic studies consistently link caffeine, a nonselective adenosine
antagonist, to lower risk of Parkinson disease (PD). However, the symptomatic effects of …

The concept of a purinergic signaling system, using purine nucleotides and nucleosides as
extracellular messengers, was first proposed over 30 years ago. After a brief introduction …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second leading neurodegenerative disease globally,
impacting the quality of life of millions of people. It is estimated that the treatment cost of PD …

No drug has been approved to prevent neuronal cell loss in patients suffering from
Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD); despite increased comprehension of …

Cell motility drives many biological processes, including immune responses and embryonic
development. In the brain, microglia are immune cells that survey and scavenge brain tissue …

The adenosine A 2A receptor has emerged as an attractive non-dopaminergic target in the
pursuit of improved therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), based in part on its unique CNS …