Exosomes are endosome-derived nanovesicles involved in cellular communication. They
are natural nanocarriers secreted by various cells, making them suitable candidates for …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes light-activated photosensitizers (PSs) to generate toxic
species for therapeutics. It has become an emerging solution for cancer treatment because …

Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most common causes of disability and death. Thrombolysis
and neuroprotection are two current major therapeutic strategies to overcome ischemic and …

Leukocytes play a vital role in immune responses, including defending against invasive
pathogens, reconstructing impaired tissue, and maintaining immune homeostasis. When the …

Bone metastasis is the main cause of death in patients with prostate cancer (PCa), but there
lacks effective treatment method. Immunotherapy shows new hopes for bone metastatic PCa …

Pyroptosis, an emerging mechanism of programmed cell death, holds great potential to
trigger a robust antitumor immune response. Platinum‐based chemotherapeutic agents can …

The conversion of tumor-promoting M2 macrophage phenotype to tumor-suppressing M1
macrophages is a promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. However, the tumor …

Cancer immunotherapies such as tumor vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T cells and
immune checkpoint blockades, have attracted tremendous attention. Among them, tumor …

Due to its multiple features, including the ability to orchestrate remote communication
between different tissues, the exosomes are the extracellular vesicles arousing the highest …

Tumor cells elicit metabolic reprogramming to establish an immunosuppressive tumor
microenvironment (TME) for escaping from immunosurveillance. Therefore, interrupting the …