Macrophages are versatile and heterogeneous innate immune cells undertaking central
functions in balancing immune responses and tissue repair to maintain homeostasis. This …

Molecular cancer biomarkers are any measurable molecular indicator of risk of cancer,
occurrence of cancer, or patient outcome. They may include germline or somatic genetic …

Different stimuli can polarize macrophages into two basic types, M1 and M2. Tumor-
associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are composed of …

Breast cancer heterogeneity determines cancer progression, treatment effects, and
prognosis. However, the precise mechanism for this heterogeneity remains unknown owing …

Background Detecting cancer at an early stage before clinical manifestation could be an
effective strategy to decrease cancer mortality. Thus, identifying liquid biopsy biomarkers …

Immunotherapy holds great promise for treating cancer. Nonetheless, T cell-based
immunotherapy of solid tumors has remained challenging, largely due to the lack of …

Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) are key immune regulators in the tumor microenvironment.
They have been shown to reshape the immune microenvironment and prevent antitumor …

Dysregulated epigenetic modifications dynamically drive the abnormal transcription process
to affect the tumor microenvironment; thus, promoting cancer progression, drug resistance …

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Despite advances in diagnosis and
prognosis, distal metastases occur in these patients in up to 15% of cases within 3 years of …

The macrophages are abundantly found in TME and their M2 polarization is in favor of tumor
malignancy. On the other hand, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can modulate macrophage …