Retinal pigment epithelial cells exert an important supporting role in the eye and develop
adaptive responses to oxidative stress or high glucose levels, as observed during diabetes …

The term angiogenesis arose in the 18th century. Several studies over the next 100 years
laid the groundwork for initial studies performed by the Folkman laboratory, which were at …

Pregnancy can be defined as a “permissible” process, where a semi-allogeneic fetus and
placenta are allowed to grow and survive within the mother. Similarly, in tumor growth …

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) occurs in humans either as a heritable form
(hPVOD) due to biallelic inactivating mutations of EIF2AK4 (encoding GCN2) or as a …

Background—Endothelial damage and dysfunction are crucial mediators that link diabetes
mellitus with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) has …

Heme oxygenase (HO) catabolizes heme to produce HO metabolites, such as carbon
monoxide (CO) and bilirubin (BR), which have gained recognition as biological signal …

Biliverdin reductase (BVR) was known for a long time solely as an enzyme converting
biliverdin to bilirubin, the major physiological antioxidant. Recent years revealed unique …

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a stress-inducible enzyme with multiple protective functions in
cardiovascular systems. Studies have shown that the timely cardiac HO-1 overexpression at …

Angiogenesis and vessel remodeling are fundamental to the pathogenesis of a number of
diseases caused by environmental arsenic exposure, including tumorigenesis and …

Background: Sitagliptin, a new antidiabetic drug that inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4
enzyme activity, has been reported to possess neuroprotective property. We tested the …