In this Timeline, we describe the characteristics of tumour antigens that are recognized by
spontaneous T cell responses in cancer patients and the paths that led to their identification …

A number of consensuses regarding cancer immunology have recently emerged from both
preclinical immunotherapy models and analysis of cancer patients. First and foremost, the …

The outcome of chemotherapy can be influenced by the host immune system at multiple
levels. Chemotherapy can kill cancer cells by causing them to elicit an immune response or …

There is substantial need for molecularly defined tumor antigens to prime cytotoxic T cells in
vivo for cancer immunotherapy, especially in the case of tumor entities for which only a few …

Tumor immune surveillance and cancer immunotherapies are thought to depend on the
intratumoral infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells. Intratumoral CD8+ T cells are rare and lack …

DNA vaccination has emerged as an attractive immunotherapeutic approach against cancer
due to its simplicity, stability, and safety. Results from numerous clinical trials have …

Cancer testis antigens (CTA) are a large family of tumor-associated antigens expressed in
human tumors of different histological origin, but not in normal tissues except for testis and …

The past decade has revealed that melanoma is comprised of multiple subclasses that can
be categorized on the basis of key features, including the clinical stage of disease, the …

Global loss of DNA methylation is frequently observed in the genome of human tumors.
Although this epigenetic alteration is clearly associated with cancer progression, the way it …

Whether vaccines are designed to prepare the immune system for the encounter with a
pathogen or with cancer, certain common challenges need to be faced, such as what …