There are at least 21 families of enveloped viruses that infect mammals, and many contain
members of high concern for global human health. All enveloped viruses have a dedicated …

Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes virtually all cervical cancers and many cancers at other
anatomical sites in both men and women. However, only 12 of 448 known HPV types are …

Immune defence mechanisms exist across the tree of life in such diversity that prokaryotic
antiviral responses have historically been considered unrelated to eukaryotic immunity …

Over the years, protein engineers have studied nature and borrowed its tricks to accelerate
protein evolution in the test tube. While there have been considerable advances, our ability …

Viruses represent a major threat to all animals, which defend themselves through induction
of a large set of virus-stimulated genes that collectively control the infection. In vertebrates …

Over the past 25 years, the field of evolutionary developmental biology (evo–devo) has used
genomics and genetics to gain insight on the developmental mechanisms underlying the …

In this paper we explore the relevance and integration of system theory and thermodynamics
in terms of the Earth system. It is proposed that together, these fields explain the evolution …

Our immune systems constantly coevolve with the pathogens that challenge them, as
pathogens adapt to evade our defense responses, with our immune repertoires shifting in …

Several mammalian genes have originated from the domestication of retrotransposons,
selfish mobile elements related to retroviruses. Some of the proteins encoded by these …

Viruses interact with the intracellular transport machinery to promote viral replication. Such
host–virus interactions can drive host gene adaptation, leaving signatures of pathogen …