It is well-known that Charles Darwin sketched abstract trees of relationship in his 1837
notebook, and depicted a tree in the Origin of Species (1859). Here I attempt to place …

The long-awaited revision of the industry standard on phylogenetics Since the publication of
the first edition of this landmark volume more than twenty-five years ago, phylogenetic …

Over the past decade, it has been discovered that disparate aspects of morphology–often of
distantly related groups of organisms–are regulated by the same genetic regulatory …

To unravel the complex shared history of the Earth and its life forms, biogeographers
analyze patterns of biodiversity, species distribution, and geological history. So far, the field …

The success of characterbased DNA barcoding depends on the efficient identification of
diagnostic character states from molecular sequences that have been organized …

Every culture that has put chisel to stone or pen to paper has attempted to visualize the order
in nature and our place in it. Some of the more intriguing representations of the natural …

Abundant fossil material of extinct brachyurans has revealed morphological details hitherto
rarely used inpalaeontological studies. Detailed comparisons between extant and extinct …

Homology in cladistics is reviewed. The definition of important terms is explicated in
historical context. Homology is not synonymous with synapomorphy: it includes …

Comparative biology became overtly evolutionary in the mid-19th century following
acceptance of the ideas of Charles Darwin by Ernst Haeckel. During the next 100 years …

For the past 450 years, tree-like branching diagrams have been created to show the
complex and surprising interrelationships among organisms, both living and fossil, from …