Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the
enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid …

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder afflicting~ 65 million people worldwide. It is caused by
aberrant synchronized firing of populations of neurons primarily due to imbalance between …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a vital boundary between neural tissue and circulating
blood. The BBB's unique and protective features control brain homeostasis as well as ion …

Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world. Natural sources of
caffeine include coffee, tea, and chocolate. Synthetic caffeine is also added to products to …

Cannabis has a long history of anecdotal medicinal use and limited licensed medicinal use.
Until recently, alleged clinical effects from anecdotal reports and the use of licensed …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or
its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as …

ATP is released in an activity-dependent manner from different cell types in the brain,
fulfilling different roles as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, in astrocyte-to-neuron …

Adenosine kinase (ADK; EC 2.7. 1.20) is an evolutionarily conserved phosphotransferase
that converts the purine ribonucleoside adenosine into 5′-adenosine-monophosphate …

There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of severe
neurological trauma, such as stroke and spinal cord injuries. However, many drugs with …