In many instances, the perception of pain is disproportionate to the strength of the algesic
stimulus. Excessive or inadequate pain sensation is frequently observed in cardiovascular …

This chapter reviews the role of the opioid peptides in regulation of cardiovascular functions
and particularly the baroreceptor system. Cardiovascular organs might be influenced by …

Simple Summary Evidence indicates that angiotensin (Ang)-related peptides, also known as
hypertensive peptides, are involved in pain regulation. Ang-related peptides exhibit various …

Growing number of studies reveal that the brain neural network plays significant role in the
short-term and long-term regulation of the cardiovascular functions. The neurons involved in …

At least 16 naturally occurring peptides either constrict or dilate blood vessels. Many of these
peptides are present in nerve cells and nerve terminals supplying systemic and pulmonary …

Cardiac pain is an index of cardiac ischemia that helps the detection of cardiac hypoxia and
adjustment of activity in the sufferer. Drivers and thresholds of cardiac pain markedly differ in …

If we consider the chemical messengers in the central nervous system, there are about ten
classic transmitters—the catecholamines, biogenic amines and amino acids—as opposed to …

Peptides, such as angiotensin I1 (ANG 11), arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT),
are known to act as circulating hormones in the classical sense with the site of synthesis and …

Vascular Innervation and Receptor Mechanisms: New Perspectives reviews the areas of
structure, function, and pathophysiology of the circulatory system. The text focuses on the …

During the past few years more than 30 novel, biologically active peptides have been
discovered. Some are produced in endocrine glands and circulate as hormones in the …