This mini-review summarizes the current evidence for the role of macrophage activation and
polarization in inflammation and immune response pertinent to interstitial lung disease …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive and devastating disorder. It is
characterized by alveolar epithelial cell injury and activation, infiltration of inflammatory cells …

Diversity and plasticity are the hallmarks of cells from the monocyte–macrophage lineage.
Macrophages undergo classical M1 or alternative M2 activation in response to the …

Macrophages demonstrate a high level of plasticity, with the ability to undergo dynamic
transition between M1 and M2 polarized phenotypes. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a class of regulatory RNAs with immense
significance in numerous biological processes. When aberrantly expressed miRNAs have …

The ability of a healthy immune system to clear the plethora of antigens it encounters
incessantly relies on the enormous plasticity displayed by the comprising cell types …

Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrosing interstitial lung disease
of unknown etiology that is currently untreatable. In this study we aim to characterize the …

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of acute lung injury (ALI), is
a very common condition associated with critically ill patients, which causes substantial …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and fatal scarring lung disease
of unknown etiology, characterized by changes in microRNA expression. Activation of …

Pulmonary fibrosis is the most common form of interstitial lung disease. The transforming
growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is extensively involved in the development of …