Vaccination is the most effective means of controlling infectious disease-related morbidity
and mortality. However, due to low immunogenicity of viral antigens, nanomedicine as a …

The first vaccines ever made were based on live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, either
whole cells or fragments. Although these vaccines required the co-administration of antigens …

Looking retrospectively at the development of humanity, vaccination is an unprecedented
medical landmark that saves lives by harnessing the human immune system. During the …

COVID-19 has caused a global pandemic and millions of deaths. It is imperative to develop
effective countermeasures against the causative viral agent, SARS-CoV-2 and its many …

With the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002, the middle
east respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the recently discovered SARS …

The COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions of people with no clear signs of abatement
owing to the high prevalence, long incubation period and lack of established treatments or …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are virus-derived structures made up of one or more different
molecules with the ability to self-assemble, mimicking the form and size of a virus particle but …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) is a global pandemic that can have a long‑
lasting impact on public health if not properly managed. Ongoing vaccine development trials …

The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and
eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven to be a …

Immunization has the potential to become a viable weapon for the upcoming pandemic and
save millions of lives, while also dramatically lowering the high mortality rate brought on by a …