Viruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Determining the
minimum dose of virus particles that can initiate infection, termed the minimum infective dose …

Enterically infecting viruses are ubiquitous agents, mostly inducing silent infections. Several
are however associated with significant diseases in man from diarrhoea and vomiting to …

Viruses are transmitted to humans via foods as a result of direct or indirect contamination of
the foods with human faeces. Viruses transmitted by a faecal-oral route are not strongly …

Viruses are responsible for a variety of diseases in humans as well as animals of economic
importance. Although consumption of virus‐contaminated water and food is known to result …

Environmental virology may be defined as the study of viruses that can be transmitted
through various environments (water, sewage, soil, air, or surfaces) or food and persist …

Highlights•Foodborne viruses cause considerable morbidity and mortality.•Almost two dozen
food or waterborne viral QMRAs have been published since 2000.•The utility of appropriate …

In addition to enteric viruses of fecal origin, emerging zoonotic viruses such as respiratory
coronaviruses and influenza viruses may potentially be transmitted via contaminated foods …

The potential for spread of viral and other infectious diseases is a function of the dose
required to initiate an infection with either clinical or sub‐clinical sequelae. This is especially …

Numerous viruses of human or animal origin can spread in the environment and infect
people via water and food, mostly through ingestion and occasionally through skin contact …

In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of foodborne diseases
worldwide, with viruses now being recognized as a major cause of these illnesses. The most …