Adjuvants enhance immunity to vaccines and experimental antigens by a variety of
mechanisms. In the past decade, many receptors and signaling pathways in the innate …

Information for Category 1 CME Credit Credit can now be obtained, free for a limited time, by
reading the review articles in this issue. Please note the following instructions. Method of …

Background Given the scale of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the development of
vaccines based on different platforms is essential, particularly in light of emerging viral …

Nanotechnology, particularly nanoemulsions (NEs), have gained increasing interest from
researchers throughout the years. The small-sized droplet with a high surface area makes …

The challenges in successful vaccination against influenza using conventional approaches
lie in their variable efficacy in different age populations, the antigenic variability of the …

Objectives To develop evidence-based European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)
recommendations for vaccination in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic …

MF59 is a safe and effective vaccine adjuvant which was originally approved to be included
in a licensed influenza vaccine to be used in the elderly in Europe in 1997. The MF59 …

Background In the elderly, traditional influenza inactivated vaccines are often only modestly
immunogenic, owing to immunosenescence. Given that adjuvantation is a means of …

AS03 is an Adjuvant System composed of α-tocopherol, squalene and polysorbate 80 in an
oil-in-water emulsion. In various nonclinical and clinical studies, high levels of antigen …

Nanoscale oil-in-water emulsions (NEs), heterogeneous systems of two immiscible liquids
stabilized by emulsifiers or surfactants, show great potential in medical applications because …