Introduction Vaccination is so far the most effective way of eradicating infections. Rapidly
emerging drug resistance against infectious diseases and chemotherapy-related toxicities in …

In late 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a lipid-based mRNA
vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19, which has pushed this field to be more closely …

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines constitute an emerging therapeutic method with the
advantages of high safety and efficiency as well as easy synthesis; thus, they have been …

Immunization has the potential to become a viable weapon for the upcoming pandemic and
save millions of lives, while also dramatically lowering the high mortality rate brought on by a …

Adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems are used widely to improve the efficacy of vaccines.
Their primary roles are to protect antigen from degradation and allow its delivery and uptake …

Cancer is a chronic disease, and it can be lethal due to limited therapeutic options. The
conventional treatment options for cancer have numerous challenges, such as a low blood …

Adjuvant, as an important part of vaccines, can observably enhance the magnitude, breadth
and durability of immune responses. Nanoadjuvants, as novel vaccine adjuvants, have …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled viral proteins that represent a superior form of
antigens in vaccine formulations. To enhance immunogenicity, adjuvants, especially the …

In spite of the widespread application of vaccine adjuvants in various preventive vaccines at
present, the existing adjuvants are still hindered by weak cellular immunity responses in …

Viral infections causing pandemics and chronic diseases are the main culprits implicated in
devastating global clinical and socioeconomic impacts, as clearly manifested during the …