Prophylactic vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) have proven efficacy in those
who have not been infected by the virus. However, they do not benefit patients with …

To improve antigen immunogenicity and promote long-lasting immunity, vaccine
formulations have been appropriately supplemented with adjuvants. Graphene has been …

Various infectious agents affect human health via the oral entrance. The majority of
pathogens lack approved vaccines. Oral vaccination is a convenient, safe and cost-effective …

Nanoparticles include particles ranging in size from nanometers to micrometers, whose
physicochemical characteristics are optimized to make them appropriate delivery vehicles …

The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is
causing a spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally. In order to end the …

The development of effective subunit vaccines relies on the incorporation of adjuvants to
enhance immune responses and improve vaccine efficacy. This paper provides a …

Future infectious disease outbreaks are inevitable; therefore, it is critical that we maximize
our readiness for these events by preparing effective public health policies and healthcare …

Adjuvants and delivery systems are essential components of vaccines to increase
immunogenicity against target antigens, particularly for peptide epitopes (poor …

Introduction Over the last four decades, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
infection has been a major public health concern. It is acknowledged that an effective …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the
associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which severely affect the respiratory …