Objective Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is being increasingly reported by patients as one of
the most common persistent symptoms in post-COVID-19 syndrome or Long COVID …

As resident macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critical immune effectors of inflammatory
lesions and associated neural dysfunctions. In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal …

Toll-like receptor–driven and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor–driven inflammation mediated by
IL-1 receptor–associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is involved in the pathophysiology of hidradenitis …

Musculoskeletal pain is a condition that characterises several diseases and represents a
constantly growing issue with enormous socio-economic burdens, highlighting the …

The transition from acute to chronic pain is an ongoing major problem for individuals, society
and healthcare systems around the world. It is clear chronic pain is a complex …

Musculoskeletal chronic pain is prevalent in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD);
however, it remains largely untreated in these patients, raising the possibility that pain …

Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms have great potential in the field of
pain. The changes and roles of epigenetics of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia in the …

The peripheral nervous system comprises an infinity of neural networks that act in the
communication between the central nervous system and the most diverse tissues of the …

Transient receptor potential vanillic acid 1 (TRPV1) is an ion channel activated by heat and
inflammatory factors involved in the development of various types of pain. The P2X7 …

Classically, skin was considered a mere structural barrier protecting organisms from a
diversity of environmental insults. In recent decades, the cutaneous immune system has …