Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the most important biomacromolecules in
Nature. Except for energy-related compounds, carbohydrates can be roughly divided into …

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a family of structurally diverse unconjugated
glycans that are highly abundant in and unique to human milk. Originally, HMOs were …

Clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vary from asymptomatic
virus shedding, nonspecific pharyngitis, to pneumonia with silent hypoxia and respiratory …

Treating a viral disease is no simple feat. Drug resistance, latent reservoirs in the body,
emerging novel viruses, and a frequent lack of specific treatments all complicate antiviral …

More than 75 million people worldwide have been infected with human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), and there are now approximately 37 million individuals living with the infection …

ABSTRACT A window of opportunity for immune responses to extinguish human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exists from the moment of transmission through …

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are important pattern recognition receptors involved in
recognition and induction of adaptive immunity to pathogens. Certain CLRs play an …

For more than two decades, HIV has infected millions of people worldwide each year
through mucosal transmission. Our knowledge of how HIV secures a foothold at both the …

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex glycans that are present at very high
concentrations in human milk but not in infant formula. The significant energy expended by …

Cellular immunity is critical for controlling intracellular pathogens, but individual cellular
dynamics and cell–cell cooperativity in evolving human immune responses remain poorly …