This paper describes the contemporary state of knowledge regarding processes that
regulate normal development of the embryonic–fetal central nervous system (CNS). The …

Congenital malformations of spine and spinal cord are collectively termed as spinal
dysraphism. It includes a heterogeneous group of anomalies which result from faulty closure …

Spinal dysraphisms (SDs) are congenital malformations of the spinal cord, determined by
derangement in the complex cascade of embryologic events involved in spinal …

Aims Children with spinal dysraphism can develop various musculoskeletal deformities,
necessitating a range of orthopaedic interventions, causing significant morbidity, and …

Congenital anomalies of the spine are associated with substantial morbidity in the perinatal
period and may affect the rest of the patient's life. Accurate early diagnosis of spinal …

Routine magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the spine is often limited by low spatial
resolution and artifacts resulting from cerebrospinal fluid pulsation. Balanced steady-state …

The objective of this study was to summarize the available literature describing the
presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management for adults with Type 1 and Type 2 split …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fetal MRI has become a valuable tool in the evaluation of
open spinal dysraphisms making studies comparing prenatal and postnatal MRI findings …

Spinal dysraphism is an umbrella term describing herniation of meninges or neural
elements through defective neural arch. They can be broadly categorized into open and …

The embryologic development of the spinal cord is a remarkably complex process. Spinal
abnormalities can occur in isolation or be part of a clinical syndrome commonly summarized …