Since ochratoxin A (OTA) was discovered, it has been ubiquitous as a natural contaminant
of moldy food and feed. The multiple toxic effects of OTA are a real threat for human beings …

Modified mycotoxins are metabolites that normally remain undetected during the testing for
parent mycotoxin. These modified forms of mycotoxins can be produced by fungi or …

Ruminant diets include cereals, protein feeds, their by-products as well as hay and grass,
grass/legume, whole-crop maize, small grain or sorghum silages. Furthermore, ruminants …

Human exposure to mycotoxins occurs mostly through dietary intake, although exposure
through dermal and inhalation routes has also been shown. Depending on the type of …

Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, affect global agriculture so prolifically that
they are virtually ubiquitous at some concentration in the average human diet. Studies of in …

Zearalenone (ZEA), a fungal mycotoxin, is present in a wide range of human foods. Many
animal studies have found ZEA to possess a disruptive effect on the hormonal balance …

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring
predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the …

Mycotoxins are important food contaminants responsible for health effects such as cancer,
nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity or immunosuppression. The assessment of mycotoxin …

Citrinin (CIT) deserves attention due to its known toxic effects in mammalian species and its
widespread occurrence in food commodities, often along with ochratoxin A, another …

Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites with bioaccumulation levels leading to their
carry-over into animal fluids, organs, and tissues. As a consequence, mycotoxin …