The ignitability of structural components due to ember attack is a common cause of the
structural fires in wildland-urban interface (WUI) communities. To fire-harden structures in …

Ignition of materials by a point source of heating plays an important role in initiating many
structure and wildland fires, such as spotting by hot particles, lightning, laser, and …

Spot fire and flame radiation are two important causes of Wildland-Urban interface fire.
Previous studies have mainly focused on one single cause. However, the ignition of fuels by …

The ignition of building insulation materials by hot moving inert particles from fireworks
display and welding processes is responsible for many tragic building fires. In this work, a …

Smoldering combustion is an important form of combustion in wildfires and hazard reduction
burning because it plays vital roles in pollutant emission, fire re-ignition, and ecological …

Lightning is one of the essential causes of wildfires. However, the ignition criteria for
lightning-caused wildfires have significant limitations due to a lack of understanding of the …

In the Mediterranean region, wildfires are a major disturbance, determined by ecosystem
and forest species characteristics. Both the flammability and resistance to fire of a mixed …

Wind plays an important role in the built environment. Large outdoor fires in the built
environment are no exception. Under strong wind, firebrands fly far, which leads to quick fire …

Irradiation spots, such as lasers, lightning strikes, and concentrated sunlight, are common
ignition sources in building and wildland fires, where smoldering is generally first ignited …

Lightning is one of the main natural causes for wildfires, and lightning-caused wildfires are
responsible for substantial losses of ecology, property, and lives worldwide. There is very …