Currently, metformin is the first-line medication to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in
most guidelines and is used daily by> 200 million patients. Surprisingly, the mechanisms …

Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of many metabolic diseases,
including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as a state of reduced responsiveness of …

Metformin, the most prescribed antidiabetic medicine, has shown other benefits such as anti-
ageing and anticancer effects,,–. For clinical doses of metformin, AMP-activated protein …

Abstract Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a member of the TGFβ superfamily
whose expression is increased in response to cellular stress and disease as well as by …

Vascular complications of diabetes pose a severe threat to human health. Prevention and
treatment protocols based on a single vascular complication are no longer suitable for the …

The immune system has crucial roles in cancer development and treatment. Whereas
adaptive immunity can prevent or constrain cancer through immunosurveillance, innate …

Currently, the role of the lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, or dictyosome in the transcription
and translation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) is well revealed, but the role and …

Metformin, the world's most prescribed anti-diabetic drug, is also effective in preventing type
2 diabetes in people at high risk,. More than 60% of this effect is attributable to the ability of …

The efficacy and safety of drugs are widely known to be determined by their interactions with
multiple molecules of pharmacological importance, and it is therefore essential to …

Copper is an essential element in cells; it can act as either a recipient or a donor of
electrons, participating in various reactions. However, an excess of copper ions in cells is …